Reproductive System
The system in human body that is responsible for production of offspring or new individuals is called reproductive system. All other body systems in human body are almost similar in males and females but the reproductive system is significantly different in the individuals of opposite gender.
Male reproductive system
There are two genders of human beings. One is male and another is female. Both gender produce gamete cells which combine together to initiate a new life. This union is called fertilization. The male reproductive system produces male gametes known as sperms. Sperms are produced inside small tubules called seminiferous tubules inside the testes. The main reproductive organs of male are described below:
a) Testes
There are two testes in males. Both the testes are enclosed within a skinny bag hanging just below the base of the penis , which is called scrotum. There are 250 to 400 small tubules , there are many specialized cells called interstitial cells which undergo meosis cell division to produce sperms. Testes are about 4.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) produced from pituitary gland stimulate the interstitial cells to produce male sex hormone testosterone and sperms. LH in males is also known as Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) .
b) Vas deferens
These are small tubes connecting the epididymis and ejaculatory duct. These tubes help to transfer the sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles. These tubes are about 4.5 cm long which are disconnected during the male sterilization process.
c) Seminal vesicle
The seminal vesicles are two small fibro-muscular bags which are situated on either side of ejaculatory duct. It produces sticky, milky-white, nutritious viscous fluid called semen, which provides nutrition to the spermatozoa . The spermatozoa move towards the ejaculatory duct.
d) Penis
This is the main reproductive organ to define male character. This is main copulation organ of male during sexual intercourse with female, situated under the stomach. It is made up of erectile muscle tissue covered by a thin layer of skin. The spongy muscular head of the penis is called glans that becomes most sensitive during sexual intercourse and excitement. It ejaculates the sperms (male sex cell ) with semen inside vagina the during period of sexual intercourse. Penis is cylindrical in shape and of about 8 to 12 cm long in the erected state.
e) Scrotum
It is a skinny bag like pouch that holds the testes. This is divided into two compartments and each compartment contains a testis. It mainly safeguards the delicate and soft testes made up of connective tissues.
f) Ejaculatory duct
These are small tubes of about 2cm long. Sperms are transferred from seminal vesicles to urethra by the ejaculatory ducts during the sexual period.
After getting information about reproductive organs, it becomes easy to know how the reproductive process of male work. The anterior lobe of pituitary gland secretes FSH( Follicle Stimulating Hormone ). It affects the somniferous tubules of the testes for the production of sperm. When the sperm becomes matured, it reaches and travels towards the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct and urethra to be inserted inside the female vagina during sexual period.
Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive organs are divided into two groups; internal and external organs. The internal organs play main roles in reproductive process. So, we discussed about the internal organs.
Female reproductive organs
Internal Organs External Organs
Vagina Vestibule
Uterus Mons pubis
Ovaries Labia Majora
Fallopian tube Labia Minora
Clitoris
Internal organs
a) Vagina
It is like hollow canal or muscular tube of about 15 cm long from vulva to the opening of cervix. It is made up of erectile, circular, and fibrous muscle tissues. So, it becomes very sensitive and emotional during sexual intercourse and gives sexual satisfaction. Its main functions are : receiving sperm in sexual period, discharging blood during menstruation, passing out baby in delivery and provide space for penis during sexual intercourse. It is situated under the lower abdomen and opens between two thigs.
b) Cervix
It lies at the base of vagina. It is the opening of uterus. There are two narrow constrictions in its lower and upper part. They are known as external os and internal os .
c) Uterus
It is a hollow, muscular, and pear-shaped organ that holds the fetus during pregnancy. It is also known as womb. It lies in pelvic capacity between rectum and urinary bladder. The opening of uterus is called cervix. It has three parts. The lower part is 'cervix' , the middle part is 'body' and the upper part is called 'fundus'. It is about 7.5 cm long and 5 cm wide. Its main functions are:
· Receiving nourishing and protecting the fertilized ovum.
· Giving place for the fetus to develop.
· Regulation of menstruation cycle
· Pass out the matured baby in delivery
d) Fallopian tube
It is a small tube extending from each side of uterus to the ovaries on each side. Length of fallopian tube is about 10 cm. Its end part has finger-shaped organs called fimbriae. The main function of fallopian tube is to receive ovum and to provide place for fertilization. The fertilized egg passes into the uterus for implantation and further growth and development.
e) Ovaries
There are two small oval-shaped organs of 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. These are situated on each side of uterus. Each month one ovum becomes matured and comes out in the fallopian tube. Ovaries produce ova, estrogen hormone and progesterone hormone.
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